Early stage of Detached Dart (Potanthus trachala)

Butterfly description:
The species is moderately common in Singapore and not rare in Peninsula Malaysia, it can be found at all usual elevations, in both primary and secondary forest. Range from India to China and Sundaland. The adult have been observed to visit flowers and sunbathing.

Further reading: Identification of Potanthus trachala

Host plant description:
Imperata cylindrica, Lalang (Singapore)
Ischaemum barbatum (HK)
Neyraudia reynaudiana (HK)
Panicum maximum (HK)


Early stage description:
The eggs of Potanthus trachala are laid singly on the underside of the grass blade of the host plant. The dome-shaped egg is creamy white.The early stage of the Potanthus trachala complete in 6th instar.

Egg of P. trachala (day 1).

Maturing egg of P. trachala with head capsule visible through the 

egg shell (day 3)

It takes 3 - 4 days for the egg to hatch. After emergence, the caterpillar will devour the rest of the egg shell. The newly emerged caterpillar is creamy white with black head capsule, and a black line right behind the capsule on the prothorax. There're also numerous long and tiny hair (setae) at the posterior end of the body.

Caterpillar of P. trachala hatching sequence (day 4).

The body color of the 1st instar larva turns to greenish after a few feeding sessions on the grass blade.  The instar lasts about 5 days.

1st instar larva of P. trachala

1st instar larva of P. trachala, moulting to 2nd instar

The 2nd instar larva and subsequent instar larva continue to have the clear black line on prothorax, the black line continue to presents on the subsequents instar, slightly faded on 6th instar but clearly visible. The anal plate of the 2nd instar larva is black. The instar lasts about 5 days.

2nd instar larva of P. trachala

The 3rd instar larva resembles the 2nd instar larva, with black head capsule, black line behind the head capsule, and black marking on the anal plate. The instar lasts about 4-7 days.

3rd instar larva of P. trachala

The 4th instar larva has yellowish-green coloration on body. The instar takes about 6 - 8 days to complete.

4th instar larva of P. trachala

Internal structure of the leaf shelter of 5th instar larva

In the 5th instar, the head capsule is dominated by large and broad yellowish white lateral patches. This instar takes about 5 - 7 days to complete.

2 views of the 5th instar larva of P. trachala

5th instar larva of P. trachala, moulting to 6th instar

The 6th instar larva resembles the 5th instar larva, with the black line on prothorax slightly faded but visible. This instar takes about 11-13 days to reach the stage of pre-pupa. The body length reached 30 mm.

2 views of the 6th instar larva of P. trachala

Head capsule view of 5th and 6th instar larva

Anal plate of 6th instar larva

Towards the end of the 6th instar, the body coloration of the caterpillar changes to yellowish brown and shortens. Pupation takes place in the tight leaf shelter.

2 views of the leaf shelter

Similar to other in the genus, pupa of Potanthus trachala is without cremaster attachment or any silk girdle to secure itself to. White substance are found within the leaf shelter. The pupa is mainly greenish yellow. Length of pupae : 16mm.

Partial view of pupa after opening the leaf shelter

Two views of the pupa

Front-view of the pupa

Tail-part of the pupa

2 days before eclosion, abdomen of pupa start to turn darker, together with the eyes and thorax areas.

3 views of semi pupa of Potanthus trachala (2 days before eclosion)

1 day before eclosion, the head and thorax of pupa become darken and semi transparent. Upper-side wings marking briefly visible.

2 views of mature pupa (1 day before eclosion)

A newly emerged female Potanthus trachala

Note: 3 eggs collected from the same female, hatched into 2 female and 1 male. Each larva mature at different speed and reached pupation stage 4 days apart. 1 female pupated on days 41, 1 male pupated on days 44, the last female pupated on days 45. From egg to adult took 51 - 53 days.

All larvae are kept in similar condition (room temperature and humidity).



REFERENCE:
* A Photographic Monograph on Hong Kong Butterflies (vol 4). HKLS.
* M. J. Bascombe, G. Johnston & F. S. Bascombe, 1999. The Butterflies of Hong Kong.
* Corbet, A. S. & H. M. Pendlebury, 1992. The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. 4th Edition (Revised by J. N. Eliot).

Partial life history of the White Royal (Pratapa deva relata)

The White Royal, Pratapa deva relata (Distant) belongs to the Lycaeninae subfamily and family Lycaenidae. The species is found from  Sri Lanka, India, east to Myanmar, Thailand, Yunnan, Guangdong, Fujian, Philippines, Peninsular Malaysia, Java and Borneo (Corbet & Pendlebury, 1992; M. J. Bascombe, G. Johnston & G. S. Bascombe, 1999). Sub-species P. deva devula is known from Hong Kong and Fuzhou.

The White Royal, Pratapa deva relata is rare in Singapore, it's the sole representative of the genus Pratapa (Moore). The butterfly were photographed (re-discovered) in year 2008 by Richard Ong at Telok Blangah Hill Park. The species were subsequently introduced to a location at Upper Selatar Reservoir where the host plants are abundant with success.

The male of the species has brand (black spot) on the upperside hindwing with black hairs arising from the forewing dorsum area. Both gender has a broad dark border and black tornal lobe crowned with orange on upperside hindwing. On underside of hindwing, there is a black tornal lobe and a black spot at the tornal area, both crowned with orange.

The White Royal, Pratapa deva relata (female), resting on a leaf

Host plant description:
In India, recorded host plant is Loranthus tomentosa
In Hong Kong, recorded host plant is Scurrula parasitica
In Malaysia and Singapore, recorded host plant is Scurrula ferruginea (Rusty-leaf Misletoe)

All the host plants species are parasitic plant commonly known as Mistletoes (Loranthaceae). Further reading: Mistletoes of Singapore.

Host plant: Scurrula ferruginea
Aa 3rd instar caterpillar found on the leaf above

Host plant: Scurrula ferruginea

Early Stage Description:
Two larvae were collected at Negeri Sembilan on Scurrula ferruginea, at a village next to forest reserve. They are successfully rearing to metamorphosis, accompanied by photographic records as following:

3rd and 4th instar larvae

4th instar lavae

4th instar larvae

4th instar larva (side view)

4th instar larva (posterior view)

Frass produced by 2 lavae for 15 hours

Larva in pre-pupa position

Larva in pre pupa position

Pupa of the White Royal on the host plant in natural habitat

Close-up view of the pupa

Pupa of the White Royal (side view)

Pupa of the White Royal (back view)

Both butterflies successfully emerged from pupal case after 7 days

Mature White Royal pupa of female (left) and male (right)

Time-lapse video of White Royal emerging form pupa

The White Royal (male)

The White Royal (upperside)

Typical back view of butterfly from Lycanidae family, mimic another
head view from the rear

LITERATURE CITED:

• Corbet, A. S. & H. M. Pendlebury, 1992. The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. 4th Edition (Revised by J. N. Eliot).
• M. J. Bascombe, G. Johnston & F. S. Bascombe, 1999. The Butterflies of Hong Kong.

Index of The Life Histories of Asian Butterflies Vol. 2 by Igarashi & Fukuda

Papilionidae

1	Ornithoptera paradisea　ゴクラクトリバネアゲハ
2	Ornithoptera meridionalis　ヒレオトリバネアゲハ
3	Ornithoptera tithonus　チトヌストリバネアゲハ
4	Ornithoptera chimaera　キマエラトリバネアゲハ
5	Ornithoptera goliath　ゴライアストリバネアゲハ
6	Ornithoptera rothschildi　ロスチャイルドトリバネアゲハ
7	Ornithoptera victoriae　ビクトリアトリバネアゲハ
8	Ornithoptera aesacus　オビトリバネアゲハ
9	Ornithoptera croesus　ヒイロトリバネアゲハ
10	Trogonoptera trojana　パラワントリバネアゲハ
11	Troides prattorum　ブルキシタアゲハ
12	Troides haliphron　ヘリブトキシタアゲハ
13	Troides vandepolli　ヴァンデポリキシタアゲハ
14	Troides minos　ミノスキシタアゲハ
15	Troides darsius　セイロンキシタアゲハ
16	Pachliopta atropos　パラワンベニモンアゲハ
17	Byasa laos　ラオスジャコウアゲハ
18	Atrophaneura priapus　キイロハゲタカアゲハ
19	Menelaides ascalaphus　セレベスアゲハ
20	Menelaides lowi　パラワンアゲハ
21	Menelaides rumanzovia　アカネアゲハ
22	Menelaides polymnestor　テンジクアゲハ
23	Menelaides gambrisius　アンボンアゲハ
24	Menelaides thaiwanus　ワタナベアゲハ
25	Menelaides aegeus　メスアカモンキアゲハ
26	Menelaides castor　オナシモンキアゲハ
27	Papilio demoleus　オナシアゲハ
28	Menelaides nephelus　タイワンモンキアゲハ
29	Menelaides sataspes　セレベスモンキアゲハ
30	Menelaides iswaroides　ニセモンキアゲハ
31	Menelaides helenus　モンキアゲハ
32	Menelaides amynthor　ヒメモンキアゲハ
33	Menelaides ambrax　シロモンアゲハ
34	Achillides dialis　タイワンカラスアゲハ
35	Achillides bianor　カラスアゲハ
36	Achillides polyctor　クジャクアゲハ
37	Achillides hoppo　ホッポアゲハ
38	Achillides arcturus　オオクジャクアゲハ
39	Achillides krishna　タカネクジャクアゲハ
40	Achillides chikae　ルソンカラスアゲハ
41	Achillides peranthus　アオネアゲハ
42	Achillides lorquinianus　ヘリボシアオネアゲハ
43	Achillides montrouzieri　ヒメオオルリアゲハ
44	Achillides ulysses　オオルリアゲハ
45	Achillides blumei　オオルリオビアゲハ
46	Achillides daedalus　フィリピンオビクジャクアゲハ
47	Achillides palinurus　オビクジャクアゲハ
48	Achillides karna　カルナルリモンアゲハ
49	Achillides paris　ルリモンアゲハ
50	Achillides fuscus　ネッタイモンキアゲハ
51	Paranticopsis megarus　ヒメマダラタイマイ
52	Pazala eurous　アサクラアゲハ
53	Pazala timur　モクセイアゲハ
54	Pathysa nomius　カザリタイマイ
55	Pathysa antiphates　オナガタイマイ
56	Graphium eurypylus　オオミカドアゲハ
57	Graphium macfarlanei　ヨシノタイマイ
58	Graphium agamemnon　コモンタイマイ
59	Graphium milon　オオアオスジアゲハ
60	Graphium cloanthus　タイワンタイマイ
61	Graphium codrus　オナガアオスジアゲハ
62	Lamproptera meges　アオスソビキアゲハ
63	Lamproptera curius　シロスソビキアゲハ
64	Meandrusa payeni　カギバアゲハ
65	Teinopalpus imperialis　テングアゲハ

Pieridae

66	Dercas verhuelli　タイリクトガリキチョウ
67	Gonepteryx amintha　タイワンヤマキチョウ
68	Gandaca harina　ムモンキチョウ
69	Eurema celebensis　セレベスキチョウ
70	Eurema andersoni　ウスイロキチョウ
71	Eurema salilata　サリラタキチョウ
72	Eurema candida　パプアキチョウ
73	Eurema novapallida　キミドリキチョウ
74	Eurema lacteola　アオジロキチョウ
75	Eurema blanda　タイワンキチョウ
76	Eurema alitha　エサキキチョウ
77	Eurema hecabe　キチョウ
78	Pareronia valeria　アサギシロチョウ
79	Pareronia tritaea　オオアサギシロチョウ
80	Pareronia boebera　フィリピンアサギシロチョウ
81	Cepora nadina　ウスムラサキシロチョウ
82	Delias oraia　オライアカザリシロチョウ
83	Delias belisama　ベリサマカザリシロチョウ
84	Leptosia nina　クロテンシロチョウ
85	Leptosia lignea　パルクロテンシロチョウ
86	Aporia agathon　タカムクシロチョウ
87	Aporia genestieri　タカサゴミヤマシロチョウ
88	Pieris brassicae　オオモンシロチョウ
89	Talbotia naganum　カルミモンシロチョウ
90	Appias paulina　ナミエシロチョウ
91	Appias ithome　ベニオビシロチョウ
92	Appias albina　カワカミシロチョウ

Danaidae

93	Parantica aglea　ヒメコモンアサギマダラ
94	Parantica swinhoei　タイワンアサギマダラ
95	Parantica sita　アサギマダラ
96	Parantica pedonga　シッキムアサギマダラ
97	Parantica agleoides　トラフマダラ
98	Parantica cleona　キイロマダラ
99	Ideopsis vitrea　ビトレアヒメマダラ
100	Ideopsis juventa　ユベンタヒメマダラ
101	Euploea midamus　ビロードマダラ
102	Euploea algea　ウスグロマダラ
103	Euploea eleusina　チビムラサキマダラ
104	Euploea eurianassa　シロヘリムラサキマダラ
105	Euploea core　ガランピマダラ
106	Euploea alcathoe　クロムラサキマダラ
107	Euploea corinna　コリンナルリマダラ
108	Euploea camaralzeman　シロオビルリマダラ
109	Idea blanchardii　ウスグロオオゴマダラ
110	Danaus genutia　スジグロカバマダラ

Satyridae

111	Acrophtalmia leuce　セレベスイワヒバジャノメ
112	Ragadia crisilda　タイリクシマジャノメ
113	Hypocysta aroa　ギンブチジャノメ
114	Ypthima sempera　センペラウラナミジャノメ
115	Ypthima savara　タケウラナミジャノメ
116	Erites angularis　キイロウスバジャノメ
117	Lohora ophthalmica　パルマルバコジャノメ
118	Mycalesis janardana　ウラナミコジャノメ
119	Mycalesis terminus　マエアカコジャノメ
120	Mycalesis phidon　ウラアカコジャノメ
121	Mycalesis horsfieldi　キレバヒトツメジャノメ
122	Mycalesis itys　セレベスコジャノメ
123	Mycalesis orseis　アイイロコジャノメ
124	Melanargia montana　オオシロジャノメ
125	Elymnias panthera　オジロマネシヒカゲ
126	Elymnias dara　シロオビマネシヒカゲ
127	Melanitis zitenius　キオビコノマチョウ
128	Melanitis constantia　オスアカコノマチョウ
129	Neope bremeri　タイワンキマダラヒカゲ
130	Neope armandii　シロキマダラヒカゲ
131	Neope muirheadi　ウラキマダラヒカゲ
132	Xanthotaenia busiris　キオビジャノメ
133	Lethe vindhya　ラクサオクロヒカゲ

Amathusiidae

134	Faunis aerope　ウスイロマルバネワモン
135	Faunis menado　セレベスマルバネワモン
136	Faunis stomphax　パラワンマルバネワモン
137	Dischophora sondaica　トガリワモン
138	Taenaris catops　シロメダマワモン
139	Taenaris artemis　ナカグロメダマワモン
140	Stichophthalma howqua　ワモンチョウ
141	Thaumantis odana　ルリモンワモン

Nymphalidae

142	Calinaga buddha　クビワチョウ
143	Acraea violae　ベニホソチョウ
144	Acraea issoria　ホソチョウ
145	Terinos clarissa　シリアカビロードタテハ
146	Cirrochroa regina　ヘリグロタテハ
147	Cirrochroa tyche　ウスイロタテハ
148	Cethosia myrina　セレベスハレギチョウ
149	Cethosia penthesilea　スンダハレギチョウ
150	Hypolimnas deois　ジャノメムラサキ
151	Yoma sabina　キオビコノハ
152	Mynes geoffroyi　ヒメシロタテハ
153	Cyrestis paulinus　ウスグロイシガケチョウ
154	Cyrestis cassander　ヘリグロイシガケチョウ
155	Cyrestis cocles　マルバネイシガケチョウ
156	Cyrestis themire　テミレイシガケチョウ
157	Cyrestis thyodamas　イシガケチョウ
158	Pseudergolis avesta　チャイロスミナガシ
159	Pseudergolis wedah　カバイロスミナガシ
160	Pantoporia consimilis　キンイチモンジ
161	Lasippa neriphus　セレベスヒメミスジ
162	Limenitis sulpitia　タイワンホシミスジ
163	Limenitis sydyi　ヒロオビイチモンジ
164	Limenitis doerriesi　クロボシイチモンジ
165	Sumalia dudu　ムラサキイチモンジ
166	Moduza procris　エビイロイチモンジ
167	Moduza urdaneta　フィリピンイチモンジ
168	Lebadea martha　アカイチモンジ
169	Bhagadatta austenia　ヒカゲタテハ
170	Parthenos sylvia　トラフタテハ
171	Athyma fortuna　ララサンミスジ
172	Athyma asura　ナカグロミスジ
173	Athyma recurva　シセンミスジ
174	Athyma kanwa　カンワミスジ
175	Athyma venata　ヒメイチモンジ
176	Athyma nefte　メスグロミスジ
177	Athyma perius　シロミスジ
178	Athyma libnites　シロモンアカミスジ
179	Athyma cama　タイワンイチモンジ
180	Athyma speciosa　パラワンイチモンジ
181	Athyma selenophora　ヤエヤマイチモンジ
182	Tarattia gutama　キスジイチモンジ
183	Abrota ganga　オスアカミスジ
184	Lexias pardalis　パルダリスオオイナズマ
185	Euthaliopsis aetion　モンキイナズマ
186	Euthalia anosia　コケムシイナズマ
187	Mimathyma schrenckii　シロモンコムラサキ
188	Mimathyma ambica　キララコムラサキ
189	Mimathyma nycteis　シロスジコムラサキ
190	Mimathyma chevana　ミスジコムラサキ
191	Chitoria chrysolora　タイワンコムラサキ
192	Chitoria ulupi　シラギコムラサキ
193	Chitoria fasciola　キオビコムラサキ
194	Chitoria cooperi　クーパーコムラサキ
195	Chitoria sordida　ソルディダコムラサキ
196	Chitoria modesta　モデスタコムラサキ
197	Eulaceura osteria　マレーコムラサキ
198	Helcyra superba　シロタテハ
199	Helcyra plesseni　アサクラコムラサキ
200	Helcyra subalba　ウラギンコムラサキ
201	Rohana albescens　ヒョウマダラ
202	Rohana parisatis　チビコムラサキ
203	Herona marathus　アカスジコムラサキ
204	Herona sumatrana　ウスイロコムラサキ
205	Apatura laverna　ウンナンコムラサキ
206	Apatura iris　チョウセンコムラサキ
207	Apatura ilia　タイリクコムラサキ
208	Thaleropis ionia　チビマドタテハ
209	Dilipa fenestra　マドタテハ
210	Lelecella limenitoides　イチモンジマドタテハ
211	Sephisa chandra　キゴマダラ
212	Sephisa princeps　カバイロゴマダラ
213	Hestinalis nama　カバシタゴマダラ
214	Euripus nyctelius　エグリゴマダラ
215	Euripus consimilis　アカネゴマダラ
216	Sasakia charonda　オオムラサキ
217	Sasakia funebris　クロオオムラサキ
218	Prothoe australis　モンキヤイロタテハ
219	Charaxes bupalus　シロオビチャイロフタオ
220	Charaxes harmodius　ヘリボシチャイロフタオ

Libytheidae

221	Libythea celtis　テングチョウ
222	Libythea geoffroyi　ムラサキテングチョウ

Riodinidae

223	Abisara savitri　オナガシジミタテハ
224	Abisara echerius　ヒョットコシジミタテハ
225	Abisara saturata　エビイロヒョットコ
226	Abisara kausambi　シロオビヒョットコ
227	Abisara burnii　アリサンシジミタテハ
228	Abisara fylla　キオビシジミタテハ
229	Zemeros flegyas　ホシシジミタテハ
230	Dodona deodata　トラフシジミタテハ
231	Dodona dipoea　キコモンシジミタテハ
232	Dodona eugenes　シジミタテハ

Lycaenidae

233	Taraka hamada　ゴイシシジミ
234	Spalgis epius　ジンメンヨウシジミ
235	Allotinus major　ヤドリギアシナガシジミ
236	Allotinus unicolor　ムモンアシナガシジミ
237	Miletus biggsii　シロオビアシナガシジミ
238	Philiris harterti　ナナレイシジミ
239	Liphyra brassolis　アリノスシジミ
240	Phengaris atroguttata　ウスアオゴマダラシジミ
241	Phengaris daitozana　シロゴマダラシジミ
242	Tongeia hainani　タイワンクロツバメシジミ
243	Tongeia filicaudis　ムシャクロツバメシジミ
244	Shijimia moorei　ゴイシツバメシジミ
245	Pithecops phoenix　オオクロボシシジミ
246	Pithecops dionisius　パプアクロボシシジミ
247	Pithecops corvus　リュウキュウウラボシシジミ
248	Freyeria putli　タイワンヒメシジミ
249	Chilades pandava　ヒメソテツシジミ
250	Chilades lajus　コウシュンルリシジミ
251	Zizula hylax　ホリイコシジミ
252	Acytolepis puspa　タイワンルリシジミ
253	Celastrina oreas　アリサンルリシジミ
254	Udara dilecta　タッパンルリシジミ
255	Jamides celeno　コシロウラナミシジミ
256	Jamides malaccanus　マラッカウラナミシジミ
257	Jamides nemophilus　ヒロオビウラナミシジミ
258	Danis phroso　ルリカザリシジミ
259	Castalius rosimon　ナツメシジミ
260	Caleta roxus　キオビシジミ
261	Yasoda androconifera　サンキライオナガシジミ
262	Hypolycaena danis　ランシジミ
263	Hypolycaena sipylus　オナガフタオシジミ
264	Hypolycaena thecloides　チゴザサシジミ
265	Hypolycaena erylus　ルリオナガフタオシジミ
266	Thamala marciana　アカオニシジミ
267	Drupadia theda　テダセキレイシジミ
268	Araotes lapithis　ウラゴマルリツバメ
269	Horaga onyx　ミツオシジミ
270	Horaga albimacula　ヒメミツオシジミ
271	Sinthusa chandrana　クヤニヤシジミ
272	Virachola rapaloides　ウラヒロオビシジミ
273	Spindasis lohita　タイワンフタオツバメ
274	Spindasis kuyaniana　ヒメフタオツバメ
275	Spindasis takanonis　キマダラルリツバメ
276	Spindasis seliga　オオフタオツバメ
277	Remelana jangala　ウラキンルリツバメ
278	Tajuria maculata　クロボシツバメ
279	Tajuria japyx　アオネツバメ
280	Tajuria mantra　カラスツバメ
281	Dacalana anysis　アバタルリツバメ
282	Surendra vivarna　アカシアシジミ
283	Surendra samina　セレベスアカシアシジミ
284	Surendra quercetorum　オオアカシアシジミ
285	Zinaspa todara　ルリアカシアシジミ
286	Amblopala avidiena　ワイモンルリシジミ
287	Amblypodia anita　アニタコノハシジミ
288	Mahathala ameria　エグリシジミ
289	Arhopala birmana　アサクラシジミ
290	Arhopala asopia　クワムラサキシジミ
291	Arhopala pseudocentaurus　オオムラサキツバメ
292	Arhopala hellenore　ミドリムラサキツバメ
293	Arhopala khamti　カムチムラサキツバメ
294	Flos diardi　ミヤマニセムラサキツバメ
295	Flos asoka　アソカニセムラサキツバメ
296	Flos fulgida　フルギダニセムラサキツバメ
297	Neomyrina nivea　ハゴロモシジミ
298	Thaduka multicaudata　ルリイロミツオシジミ
299	Iraota timoleon　イチジクシジミ
300	Iraota distanti　ヒメイチジクシジミ
301	Chaetoprocta odata　クルミシジミ
302	Fixsenia formosana　タイワンカラスシジミ
303	Fixsenia eximia　ムシャカラスシジミ
304	Fixsenia watarii　ワタリカラスシジミ
305	Fixsenia tanakai　タナカカラスシジミ
306	Fixsenia austrina　ウラジロカラスシジミ
307	Thecla betulae　チョウセンメスアカシジミ
308	Sibataniozephyrus kuafui　タニカドミドリシジミ
309	Curetis saronis　マラヤウラギンシジミ

Hesperiidae

310	Bibasis iluska　ヘリアカビロードセセリ
311	Bibasis gomata　ウラスジビロードセセリ
312	Bibasis tuckeri　カワセミビロードセセリ
313	Bibasis harisa　メスアオビロードセセリ
314	Bibasis jaina　トビイロセセリ
315	Bibasis sena　ウラオビビロードセセリ
316	Hasora taminatus　タイワンビロードセセリ
317	Hasora chromus　オキナワビロードセセリ
318	Hasora badra　テツイロビロードセセリ
319	Hasora schoenherr　キオビビロードセセリ
320	Hasora anura　オナシビロードセセリ
321	Lobocla bifasciata　マエキセセリ
322	Celaenorrhinus ruficornis　クロキコモンセセリ
323	Celaenorrhinus dhanada　ウラキコモンセセリ
324	Celaenorrhinus aurivittatus　アカオビキコモンセセリ
325	Celaenorrhinus asmara　カワベリキコモンセセリ
326	Celaenorrhinus leucocera　シッキムキコモンセセリ
327	Celaenorrhinus morena　ナガヒルキコモンセセリ
328	Charmion ficulnea　ギンモンセセリ
329	Sarangesa dasahara　キノカワセセリ
330	Darpa pteria　オジロセセリ
331	Darpa striata　ケナガセセリ
332	Coladenia agnioides　ラオスマダラセセリ
333	Coladenia palawana　ミノムシセセリ
334	Pseudocoladenia dan　チャコモンセセリ
335	Mooreana triconeura　キシタセセリ
336	Caprona agama　ウラゴマセセリ
337	Seseria sambara　ラオスクスノキセセリ
338	Seseria affinis　クスノキセセリ
339	Seseria formosana　オオクロボシセセリ
340	Satarupa formosibia　タイワンオオシロシタセセリ
341	Satarupa gopala　オオシロシタセセリ
342	Satarupa monbeigi　シセンオオシロシタセセリ
343	Satarupa nymphalis　コンゴウセセリ
344	Ancistroides nigrita　ムモンクロセセリ
345	Notocrypta clavata　トガリクロセセリ
346	Ancistroides armatus　オオベニモンセセリ
347	Koruthaialos sindu　ベニモンセセリ
348	Psolos fuligo　オハグロセセリ
349	Eetion elia　ツルギセセリ
350	Borbo sp.　シセンタケセセリ
351	Zographetus abima　セレベスコセセリ
352	Zographetus rama　パラワンコセセリ
353	Zographetus doxus　マラヤコセセリ
354	Ampittia virgata　ホソバキボシセセリ
355	Halpe ormenes　ウラオビセセリ
356	Halpe flava　スズメセセリ
357	Parnara apostata　ミナミイチモンジセセリ
358	Suastus gremius　クロボシセセリ
359	Plastingia naga　スダレセセリ
360	Plastingia tessellata　オオスダレセセリ
361	Iambrix salsala　ホシゾラセセリ
362	Pithauria marsena　ケブカセセリ
363	Polytremis lubricans　キモンチャバネセセリ
364	Polytremis discreta　シセンチャバネセセリ
365	Aeromachus jhora　ボルネオホシチャバネセセリ
366	Pelopidas conjuncta　タイワンオオチャバネセセリ
367	Potanthus ganda　インドキマダラセセリ
368	Potanthus confucius　タイワンキマダラセセリ
369	Ochlodes bouddha　シルビアキマダラセセリ
370	Cephrenes acalle　ヤシアカセセリ
371	Telicota colon　ネッタイアカセセリ
372	Telicota ternatensis　テルナテアカセセリ
373	Telicota hilda　オオアカセセリ
374	Telicota ohara　タケアカセセリ
375	Gangara thyrsis　シラガムシセセリ
376	Gangara lebadea　コウモリセセリ
377	Acerbas martini　ハラジロセセリ
378	Erionota thrax　トガリバナナセセリ
379	Erionota torus　バナナセセリ
380	Erionota grandis　オオシュロセセリ

Data source: http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~EY4Y-TKNM/igarashi/asia2-cont.html

Index of The Life Histories of Asian Butterflies Vol. 1 by Igarashi & Fukuda

Papilionidae
1 Luehdorfia japonica
2 Luehdorfia chinensis
3 Luehdorfia puziloi
4 Luehdorfia longicaudata
5 Bhutanitis lidderdalii
6 Parnalius cerisy
7 Archon apollinus
8 Hypremnestra helios
9 Sericinus montela
10 Cressida cressida
11 Pachliopta aristolochiae
12 Pachliopta polydorus
13 Pachliopta polyphontes
14 Pachliopta neptunus
15 Pachliopta coon
16 Byasa febanus
17 Byasa dasarada
18 Byasa polyeuctes
19 Atrophaneura horishana
20 Atrophaneura aidoneus
21 Atrophaneura semperi
22 Atrophaneura varuna
23 Atrophaneura nox
24 Atrophaneura sycorax
25 Atrophaneura hageni
26 Atrophaneura kuehni
27 Troides aeacus
28 Troides rhadamantus
29 Troides magellanus
30 Troides amphrysus
31 Troides cuneifera
32 Troides miranda
33 Troides andromache
34 Troides helena
35 Troides oblongomaculatus
36 Troides hypolitus
37 Trogonoptera brookiana
38 Ornithoptera alexandrae
39 Ornithoptera priamus
40 Chilasa slateri
41 Chilasa agestor
42 Chilasa clytia
43 Chilasa epycides
44 Chilasa anactus
45 Chilasa laglaizei
46 Agehana maraho
47 Papilio gigon
48 Euchenor euchenor
49 Papilio demolion

Pieridae
50 Prioneris thestylis
51 Hebomoia glaucippe
52 Catopsilia pyranthe
53 Catopsilia scylla
54 Catopsilia pomona
55 Appias lyncida
56 Appias olferna
57 Belenois java
58 Ixias pyrene
59 Delias pasithoe
60 Delias henningia
61 Delias belladonna
62 Delias descombesi
63 Delias hyparete
64 Delias eucharis
65 Delias lativitta
66 Delias wilemani
67 Cepora nerissa
68 Cepora abnormis
69 Cepora aspasia

Danaidae
70 Anosia chrysippus
71 Danaus plexippus
72 Idea lynceus
73 Idea leuconoe
74 Ideopsis gaura
75 Anosia melanippus
76 Parantica aspasia
77 Tellervo zoilus
78 Parantica vitrina
79 Parantica luzonensis
80 Euploea mulciber
81 Euploea eunice
82 Euploea tulliolus
83 Euploea camaralzeman
84 Euploea phaenareta

Satyridae
85 Elymnias hypermnestra
86 Elymnias nesaea
87 Elymnias casiphone
88 Elymnias melias
89 Elymnias esaca
90 Zethera pimplea
91 Neorina lowii
92 Penthema formosanum
93 Lethe europa
94 Lethe rohria
95 Lethe verma
96 Lethe insana
97 Lethe dura
98 Lethe confusa
99 Lethe chandica
100 Lethe christophi
101 Ptychandra lorquinii
102 Orsotriaena medus
103 Mycalesis igoleta
104 Mycalesis sangaica
105 Mycalesis tagala
106 Mycalesis perseus
107 Mycalesis anaxioides
108 Mycalesis ita
109 Mycalesis maianeas
110 Acrophtalmia artemis
111 Ragadia luzonia
112 Ypthima praenubila
113 Ypthima motschulskyi
114 Ypthima formosana
115 Ypthima conjuncta
116 Ypthima esakii
117 Ypthima pandocus
118 Ypthima risompae
119 Ypthima stellera
120 Ypthima loryma
121 Ypthima sakra
122 Ypthima huebneri
123 Ypthima okurai
124 Palaeonympha opalina
125 Callerebia scanda

Amathusiidae
126 Zeuxidia aurelius
127 Zeuxidia amethystus
128 Zeuxidia doubledayi
129 Thauria aliris
130 Amathusia phidippus
131 Faunis phaon
132 Faunis canens
133 Discophora timora

Nymphalidae
134 Ariadne ariadne
135 Ariadne merione
136 Ariadne isaeus
137 Phalanta phalantha
138 Cupha erymanthis
139 Phalanta alcippe
140 Vagrans egista
141 Terinos terpander
142 Cethosia biblis
143 Cethosia hypsea
144 Cethosia chrysippe
145 Vindula erota
146 vindula dejone
147 Cirrochroa aoris
148 Symbrenthia hippoclus
149 Symbrenthia hypselis
150 Hypolimnas anomala
151 Hypolimnas bolina
152 Junonia iphita
153 Junonia hedonia
154 Junonia atlites
155 Junonia lemonias
156 Junonia almana
157 Junonia orithya
158 Junonia hierta
159 Rhinopalpa polynice
160 Kallima limborgi
161 Kallima inachus
162 Doleschallia bisaltide
163 Doleschallia dascylus
164 Doleschallia noorua
165 Stibochiona nicea
166 Stibochiona schoenbergi
167 Dichorragia ninus
168 Dichorragia nesimachus
169 Amnosia decora
170 Chersonesia risa
171 Chersonesia rahria
172 Cyrestis acilia
173 Cyrestis strigata
174 Neptis hylas
175 Neptis ida
176 Neptis soma
177 Neptis reducta
178 Neptis harita
179 Neptis nata
180 Neptis nemorosa
181 Neptis philyroides
182 Neptis leucoporos
183 Pantoporia columella
184 Neptis brebissonii
185 Neptis praslini
186 Neptis nausicaa
187 Pantoporia hordonia
188 Pantoporia venilia
189 Tanaecia julii
190 Tanaecia iapis
191 Euthalia irrubescens
192 Euthalia lubentina
193 Euthalia adonia
194 Euthalia amanda
195 Euthalia monina
196 Dophla evelina
197 Euthalia aconthea
198 Euthalia phemius
199 Mahaldia formosana
200 Mahaldia thibetana
201 Lexias dirtea
202 Prothoe calydonia
203 Prothoe franck
204 Charaxes bernardus
205 Charaxes affinis
206 Charaxes solon
207 Polyura schreiber
208 Polyura eudamippus
209 Polyura narcaea
210 Polyura jupiter
211 Polyura delphis
212 Polyura athamas
213 Polyura hebe

Lycaenidae
214 Deudorix epijarbas
215 Artipe eryx
216 Bindahara phocides
217 Eooxylides tharis
218 Cheritra freja
219 Drupadia ravindra
220 Rapala dioetas
221 Rapala manea
222 Rapala nissa
223 Rapala pheretima
224 Loxura atymnus
225 Tajuria cippus
226 Tajuria diaeus
227 Tajuria caerulea
228 Tajuria deudorix
229 Pratapa deva
230 Tajuria illurgis
231 Ancema ctesia
232 Japonica patungkoanui
233 Cordelia comes
234 Ussuriana takarana
235 Ussuriana michaelis
236 Araragi entheum
237 Iratsume orsedice
238 Wagimo sulgeri
239 Teratozephyrus arisanus
240 Leucantigius atayalicus
241 Ravenna nivea
242 Euaspa forsteri
243 Neozephyrus taiwanus
244 Chrysozephyrus esakii
245 Chrysozephyrus disparatus
246 Chrysozephyrus nishikaze
247 Chrysozephyrus kabrua
248 Chrysozephyrus rarasanus
249 Chrysozephyrus hisamatsusanus
250 Chrysozephyrus ataxus
251 Chrysozephyrus mushaellus
252 Chrysozephyrus zoa
253 Arhopala muta
254 Arhopala rama
255 Arhopala japonica
256 Arhopala inornata
257 Arhopala abseus
258 Arhopala thamyras
259 Arhopala alkisthenes
260 Arhopala antimuta
261 Arhopala horsfieldi
262 Heliophorus kiana
263 Heliophorus epicles
264 Lycaena dispar
265 Prosotas dubiosa
266 Jamides alecto
267 Nacaduba kurava
268 Jamides bochus
269 Jamides cunilda
270 Jamides caeruleus
271 Anthene emolus
272 Leptotes plinius
273 Hypochlorosis lorquinii

Hesperiidae
274 Choaspes benjaminii
275 Choaspes plateni
276 Choaspes subcaudatus
277 Choaspes stigmatus
278 Choaspes hemixanthus
279 Choaspes furcatus
280 Choaspes xanthopogon
281 Badamia exclamationis
282 Pirdana hyela
283 Pirdana distanti
284 Matapa druna
285 Matapa sasivarna
286 Tagiades cohaerens
287 Tagiades trebellius
288 Tagiades ultra
289 Tagiades toba
290 Tagiades parra
291 Tagiades litigiosus
292 Tagiades nestus
293 Tagiades gana
294 Tagiades japetus
295 Gerosis sinica
296 Gerosis limax
297 Abraximorpha davidii
298 Odontoptilum angulatum
299 Lotongus calathus
300 Hidari irava
301 Unkana ambasa
302 Unkana mytheca


Data source: http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~EY4Y-TKNM/igarashi/igarashi-cont.html

Early stage of Great Imperial (Jacoona anasuja anasuja)

Note: The early stage was recorded as Grand Imperial previously due to mis-identification.

Early stage of Nacaduba kurava (Transparent Six-line Blue)

Acknowledgement: 

ID corrected as pointed out by Dr. Seow TL, previously recorded as N. calauria.

Early stage of Colonel

Early stage of the Colonel (Pandita sinope)

Butterfly Description:

Wingspan: 45 - 60 mm

Colonel butterfly is uncommon in Singapore, usually found near to their host plants. Both sexes of the butterfly are looks alike with the brighter orange on male and darker orange on female. The post-discal and sub-marginal band are broader in the female.

The early stage of the Colonel (Pandita sinope) resembled closely to Colour Sergeant (Athyma nefte) and Malay Staff Sergeant (Athyma reta). The three species are likely to be closely related.

The Colonel is the sole representative of the genus.

Host plant Description

Family: Rubiaceae

Uncaria sp.

The host plant is not uncommon and found in several locations in the Central Catchment as well as some well wooded wasteland and parks.

Host plant: Uncaria sp.

Host plant with hook like structure between the leaves

Early stages Description:

Eggs of Colonel are usually laid singly on the tip of the host plant leaf. The entire early stage from egg to adult took about 28 days to complete.

Photo showing egg in live size view (top), close-up view (bottom left), and super close-up (bottom middle and right)

3rd instar larva, frass chain observed at the side of the leaf, where the larva usually rested. The larva head capsule even showing greenish substance, probably the frass sticked to the capsule when the larva constructing the frass chain.

3rd instar larva

4th instar larva

Early 5th instar larva

front view of the larva head capsule

5th instar larva - dorsal view

5th instar larva - side view and head capsule view

Mature 5th instar larva before pupation stage

Larva in pre-pupation stage

3 view of the Colonel pupa

2 view of the Colonel pupa, 1 day before emerging

2 view of the Colonel pupa, hour before emerging

Further reading:

Full Life History of the Colonel (Pandita sinope) by Gan CW

References:

• The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M. Pendlebury, 4th Edition, Malayan Nature Society.
• Butterflies of Thailand, Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 1st Edition, 2006